Prekmurje Slovene - Wikipedia
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Prekmurje Slovene

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Prekmurje Slovene, also known as the Prekmurje dialect, East Slovene, or Wendish (Slovene: prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje, Hungarian: vend nyelv, muravidéki nyelv, Prekmurje Slovene: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is the language of Prekmurje in Eastern Slovenia, variety of Slovene language,[2] part of the Pannonian dialect group.[3] It is used in private communication, liturgy, publications by authors from Prekmurje.[4][5] and in media of television, radio and newspapers.[6][7][8][9] It is spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in Vas County in western Hungary. It is closely related to other Slovene dialects in neighboring Slovene Styria, as well as to Kajkavian with which it retains a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility and forms a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages.

Prekmurje Slovene
prekmursko narečje, prekmurščina, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, panonska slovenščina
Native toSlovenia, Hungary and emigrant groups in various countries
Ethnicitynotably Hungarian Slovenes
Native speakers
(undated figure of 110,000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologprek1239
Map of Slovenian dialects. Prekmurje Slovene is in dark yellow at the top right.

Range

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The Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide.[1] 80,000 in Prekmurje, 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina.

Status

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Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature, and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that is still spoken by all strata of the local population.[10] Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics,[10] István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior,[11] and József Szakovics, have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar, a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language."[10] It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II. There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary,[12] and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.

Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene.[clarification needed][who?] The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons,[13] as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček. However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, although in 2016 the General Maister Society (Društvo General Maister) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene[14][15] and some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.[16]

Together with Resian, Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of religious education, as well as in the press and mass.[17] The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek, or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).

Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films,[18] literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names.[19][20] In the 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters use Prekmurje Slovene banners.[21] It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek, a professor at the University of Maribor, states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."[22]

Linguistic features

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Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian, although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonant and—as a result of the lack of lunguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary[23] and that it preserves many older features from Proto-Slavic language.

Orthography

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Historically, Prekmurje Slovene was not written with the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but with a Hungarian-based orthography. János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to use Gaj's Latin Alphabet.

Before 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Cscs, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gygy, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Lyly, Mm, Nn, Nyny, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Pp, Rr, Szsz, Ss, Tt, Uu, Üü, Űű, Vv, Zz, Zszs.

After 1914: Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gjgj, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Zz, Žž.

Phonology

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Vowel ö occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed e or ö.[24] It has plain a in long stressed syllables and rounded a in short stressed and unstressed syllables in Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect.[24] The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressed a is rounded.[24]

Long vowels and most are diphtongs occur only stressed in syllables. If the stress shiftsm the vowel loses its lenght and the diphtong usually loses its glide, for ex.: Nom. Boug; Gen. Bogá.[24]

Diphtongs

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Diphtong ej (ei) is a short, closed e by a shorter, less fully articulated i. For ex. dejte (child), bejžati (run), pejnezi (money), mlejko (milk), bejli (white).[25]

Diphtong ou consists of a short o and a short, less fully articulated u. For ex. rouka (hand), nouga (foot), goloub (dove), rour (chimney), gospoud (lord).

Prekmurian Slovene is very rich in diphtongs ej and ou.[25] The diphtongs found in various Slovene dialects, but phonetically is different from the diphtongs of Prekmurian Slovene. The ou and ej diphtongs was represented in the old Prekmurian literary language ortographically by separate signs ê and ô but only in the books and newspapers of the Lutheran Slovenes.[26]

The diphtong ou in northern Goričko subdialects (mostly near river Raba) and in the settlements along the Hungarian-Slovene border is reducated to the au. The Ravensko dialect and some Goričko subdialect have diphtongs üj or öj.[27]

Diphtongs in open syllables, if they occur in polysyllabic words, are broken up into their components,[28] for ex. Nom. sou (salt), Gen. soli; Nom. krau (king), Gen. krala.

Vowel alternations

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a>e
Unstressed a and a in a diphtong with i or j often sounds like open e.[29] This system is typical mostly in the lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, for ex. eli (or) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: ali), nezaj (back) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: nazaj), dele (forward) (Ravensko, Goričko: dale, Standard Slovene: dalje).

o>i
This is a sporadic dissimilation and assimilation. For ex. visiki (high, Standard Slovene visok).[29]

o>e
In inflected forms a soft consonant (c, č, š, ž, j) is usually followed by o instead of the e in Standard Slovene.[30] For ex.: z noužicon Standard Slovene z nožem (with knife), s konjon Standard Slovene s konjem (with horse). In neuter nominative singular and accusative is also o heard instead of the e: For ex. mojo delo, našo delo, Standard Slovene moje delo, naše delo (my work, our work). Innovative e is heard only in the eastern subdialects of the Dolinsko dialect, mostly along the Slovene-Croatian border (near the Međimurje).

o>u
The diactric ŭ refere to the non-frontedness of the vowel.[30] For ex. un, una Standard Slovene on, ona (he, she). The Dolinsko dialect have has even more diactric u, for ex. kunj (horse) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene: konj), Marku (Marc) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene Marko).

a>o
For ex. zakoj (why) (Standard Slovene zakaj).

u>ü
The historical u is pronounced almost without exception as ü and it is also spelled this way.[30] For ex. küp (mound) (Standard Slovene kup), küpiti (purchase) (Standard Slovene kupiti), düša (soul) (Standard Slovene duša), lüknja (slit) (Standard Slovene luknja), brüsiti (facet) (Standard Slovene brusiti).

In words starting wutg a v there are mixed forms,[28] while in the Standard Slovene remains the u, for ex. vüjo (ear) (Standard Slovene uho), vujti (escapes) (Standard Slovene uiti).

The u derived from earlier ol preceding a consonant does not turn into ü,[28] for ex. pun (full) (Standard Slovene poln), dugi (long) (Standard Slovene dolg), vuna (wool) (Standard Slovene volna), vuk (wolf) (Standard Slovene volk).

Consonant alternations

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Z preceding nj often sound like ž, for ex. ž njin (with him) (Standard Slovene z njim).

k>c
For ex. tenko, natenci (thin, thinly) (Standard Slovene tanko, natanko).[31] This type of alternations was even more frequent in the old Prekmurian Slovene,[31] for ex. vuk, vucke, vuci (wolf, wolfs) (Standard Slovene volk, volki, Croatian vuk, vuci). Today it is preserved in the speech of older people in Goričko and the subdialect of Hungarian Slovenes.

m>n
Word final m in Prekmurian Slovene almost always sounds like n[32] (just like in other Pannonian Slovene dialects[33][34] or in the Chakavian[35]). For ex. znan (I know) (Standard Slovene znam), man (I have) (Standard Slovene imam), tan (there) (Standard Slovene tam), vüzen (Easter) (Standard Slovene vuzem[36] z zlaton (with gold) (Standard Slovene z zlatom), ran (building) (Standard Slovene hram). Exceptions: grm (bush), doum (home), tram (strut) etc.

The change of m>n can also occur in middle position, preceding consonants,[32] for ex.: Nom. vüzen, Gen. vüzma.

nj>n
The n has developed from an nj in word-final position or medial position,[37] for ex. ogen (fire) (Standard Slovene ogenj), kniga (book) (Standard Slovene knjiga). In declined forms nj return,[37] for ex. ognja (Genitive).

lj>l
The hard lj (ł) has totally disappeared from Prekmurian Slovene,[37] for ex.: klüč (key) (Standard Slovene ključ), lübiti, lübezen (love) (Standard Slovene ljubiti, ljubezen), grable (rake) (Standard Slovene grablje).

h>j or ∅
In certain regions and in certain positions it is still present the h.

  1. in word initial position preceding a vowel or syllable forming r its usage is ambigous and regionally variable.[37] For ex. hüdi, üdi (evil) (Standard Slovene hud). In noun iža (house) (Standard Slovene hiša) in every Prekmurian dialect is missing the h
  2. in medial position, between vowels h is present, a j has replaced it,[37] for ex. küjati (cook) (Standard Slovene kuhati)
  3. h usually disappears in word position followed by consonants and in medial position preceded by consonants,[38] for ex. lad (cold) (Standard Slovene hlad), sprneti (decay) (Standard Slovene trohneti)
  4. the syllable-final h in word-medial position followed by consonants usually turns into j, which merge with the preceding vowel to form a diphtong,[38] for ex. lejko (perhaps, easily) (Standard Slovene lahko)
  5. in word-final position, preceded by a vowel, it either changes into j,[38] for ex. grej (sin) (Standard Slovene greh), krüj (bread) (Standard Slovene kruh).

Exceptions shajati (to make do on something), zahtejvati (demand) etc.

bn>vn
For ex. drouvno (tiny) (Standard Slovene drobno).

p>f
For ex. ftic, ftič, ftica (bird) (Standard Slovene ptic, ptič, ptica).

j>d
For ex. žeden (thirsty) (Standard Slovene žejen).

hč>šč
For ex. nišče (nobody) (Standard Slovene nihče).

kt>št
For ex. što (who) (Standard Slovene: kdo).

ljš>kš
For ex. boukši (better, right) (Standard Slovene boljši).

dn (dnj)>gn (gnj)
For ex. gnes, gnjes (today) (Standard Slovene danes). Nom. škegen (barn), Gen. škegnja.

t>k
Manly preceding an l.[39]

  1. word-initially, for ex. kmica (darkness), klačiti (to tread) (Standard Slovene tlačiti), kusti (thick, fat) (Standard Slovene tolst)
  2. in word medial position, for ex. mekla (broom) (Standard Slovene metla)
  3. in word-final position soldak (soldier).

Morphology

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Also in Prekmurian Slovene can be nouns masculine, feminine or neuter.[40] Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural,[41] just like in the Standard Slovene.[42]

Feminine

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Feminine nouns ending in a.[43]

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -i/ej -e
Gen. -e -∅/ej -∅
Dat. -i/ej -ama -an
Ac. -o/ou -i/ej -e
Loc. -i/ej -ama/aj -aj
Inst. -of(v)/-ouf(v) -ama -ami
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Standard Slovene)[44]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -i -e
Gen. -e -∅ -∅
Dat. -i -ama -am
Ac. -o -i -e
Loc. -i -ah -ah
Inst. -o -ama -ami

Feminine nouns ending in consonant.[45]

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -∅ -i/ej -i
Gen. -i -i/ej -i
Dat. -i -ama -an
Ac. -∅ -i/ej -i
Loc. -i -ama/aj -aj
Inst. -jof(v)/-of(v) -ama -ami
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Standard Slovene)[46]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -∅ -i -i
Gen. -i -i -i
Dat. -i -ema -em
Ac. -∅ -i -i
Loc. -i -eh/ih -eh/ih
Inst. -o -ema -mi

Declension of feminine adjective.[47]

Declension patterns of feminine adjectives
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -ivi/evi -e
Gen. -e -ivi(j)/evi(j) -i(j)
Dat. -oj -ima -in
Ac. -o -ivi/evi -e
Loc. -oj -ima/ivaj/evaj -i(j)
Inst. -of(v) -ima/ivima/evima -imi
Declension patterns of feminine adjectives
(Standard Slovene)[48]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -i -e
Gen. -e -ih -ih
Dat. -i -ima -im
Ac. -o -i -e
Loc. -i -ih -ih
Inst. -o -ima -imi

Masculine

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Masculine nons ending in a consonant.[49] The singular accusative of masculine nouns designating animate things is the same as their genitive form. The singular accusative of nouns designatinginanimate things is the same as their nominative.[49]

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -∅ -a -i
Gen. -a -a/of(v) -of(v)
Dat. -i -oma -on
Ac. -∅/a -a -e
Loc. -i -oma/aj -aj/i
Inst. -on -oma -ami
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant
(Standard Slovene)[50]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -∅ -a -i
Gen. -∅/a -ov -ov
Dat. -u -oma -om/-em
Ac. -∅/a -a -e
Loc. -u -ih -ih
Inst. -om/-em -oma -i

Masculines nouns ending in a.[51]

Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -a -e/i
Gen. -o/e -of(v)/a -∅/of(v)
Dat. -i -oma -on
Ac. -o -a/i -e
Loc. -i -oma/aj -aj
Inst. -of(v) -oma -ami/i
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a
(Standard Slovene)[52]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -a -i -e
Gen. -e -∅ -∅
Dat. -i -ama -am
Ac. -o -i -e
Loc. -i -ah -ah
Inst. -o -ama -ami

Declension of masculine adjective.[47]

Declension patterns of masculine adjectives
(Prekmurian Slovene)[53]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -i -iva/eva -i
Gen. -oga -iva/ivi(j)/eva/evi(j) -i(j)
Dat. -omi -ima -in
Ac. -i/oga -iva/eva -e
Loc. -on -ima/ivaj/evaj/i(j) -i(j)
Inst. -in -ima/ivima/evima -imi
Declension patterns of masculine adjectives
(Standard Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -∅ -a -i
Gen. -∅/ega -ih -ih
Dat. -emu -ima -im
Ac. -∅/ega -a -e
Loc. -em -ih -ih
Inst. -im -ima -imi

Neuter

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Neuter nouns ending in o and e.[54]

Declension patterns of neuter nouns ending in o or e
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -o/e -i -a
Gen. -a -i/∅ -∅
Dat. -i -oma -an
Ac. -o/e -i -a
Loc. -i -oma/aj -aj/ami/i
Inst. -on -oma -ami/i

In the declension of nouns for ex tejlo (body, St. Slov.: telo) or drejvo (three, St. Slov.: drevo) are not lengthened as in the Standard Slovene with the syllable –es (Prekmurian: Nom. tejlo, drejvo Gen. tejla, drejva; Standard Slovene: Nom. telo, drevo Gen. telesa, drevesa).[55]

Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in e
(Standard Slovene)[56]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -e -i -a
Gen. -a -∅ -∅
Dat. -u -ema -em
Ac. -e -i -a
Loc. -u -ih -ih
Inst. -em -ima -i
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in o
(Standard Slovene)[57]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -o -i -a
Gen. -a -∅ -∅
Dat. -u -oma -om
Ac. -o -i -a
Loc. -u -ih -ih
Inst. -om -oma -i

Declension of neuter adjective.[47]

Declension patterns of masculine adjectives
(Prekmurian Slovene)
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -o -ivi/evi -a
Gen. -oga -ivi(j)/evi(j)/i(j) -i(j)
Dat. -omi -ima/ivima/evima -in
Ac. -o -ivi/evi -a
Loc. -on -ima/ivima/evima/i(j) -i(j)
Inst. -in -ima/ivima/evima -imi
Declension patterns of neuter adjectives
(Standard Slovene)[48]
Grammatical case\Number Singular Dual Plural
Nom. -o/e -i -a
Gen. -ega -ih -ih
Dat. -emu -ima -im
Ac. -o/e -i -a
Loc. -em -ih -ih
Inst. -im -ima -imi

Personal pronouns

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Singular
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Singular (Prekmurian)[58]
Nom. ges/jes (Masc.Fem.) ti(j) (Masc.Fem.) un (Masc.) una (Fem.)
Gen. mene(j)
me		 tebe(j)
te		 njega
ga		 nje
je
Dat. meni
mi		 tebi
ti		 njemi njej/njoj
ji
Ac. mene(j)
me		 tebe(j)
te		 njega
ga		 njou
jo
Loc. meni tebi njen njej/njoj
Inst menof(v)/meuf tebof(v)/teuf njin njouf(v)
Singular (Standard Slovene)[59]
Nom. jaz (Masc.Fem.Neut.) ti (Masc.Fem.Neut) on (Masc.) ona (Fem.) ono (Neut.)
Gen. mene
me		 tebe
te		 njega
ga		 nje
je		 njega
ga
Dat. meni
mi		 tebi
ti		 njemu
mu		 njej/nji
ji		 njemu
mu
Ac. mene
me
-me		 tebe
te
-te		 njega
ga
-(e)nj		 njo
jo
-njo		 njega/ono
ga
-(e)nj
Loc. pri meni pri tebi pri njem pri njej/nji pri njem
Inst. z mano/menoj s tabo/teboj z njim z njo z njim
Dual
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Dual (Prekmurian Slovene)[60][61]
Nom. müva (Masc.), müve (Fem.) vüva (Masc.), vüve (Fem.) njüva/njiva/oneva (Masc), njüve/njive (Fem.)
Gen. naj(a) vaj(a) njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Dat. nama vama njima
Ac. naj(a) vaj(a) njiva(Masc), njivi (Fem.)
Loc. nama vama njima
Inst. nama vama njima
Dual (Standard Slovene)[59]
Nom. midva (Masc.), medve (Fem.Neut.) vidva (Masc.), vedve (Fem.Neut.) onadva (Masc.), onidve (Fem.Neut.)
Gen. naju vaju njiju
Dat. nama vama njima
jima
Ac. naju vaju njiju
ju
-nju
Loc. naju vaju njiju
Inst. nama vama njima
Plural
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Plural (Prekmurian Slovene)[62]
Nom. mi (Masc.Fem.) vi (Masc.Fem.) uni (Masc.), une (Fem.)
Gen. nas vas njih/nji
jih/je
Dat. nan van njin
jin
Ac. nas vas njih/nje
jih
je
Loc. nas/nan vas/van njij
Inst. nami vami njimi
Plural (Standard Slovene)[59]
Nom. mi (Masc.), me (Fem.Neut.) vi (Masc.), ve (Fem.Neut.) oni (Masc.), one (Fem.), ona (Neut.)
Gen. nas vas njih
jih
Dat. nam vam njim
jim
Ac. nas vas njih/nje
jih
-nje
Loc. nas vas njih
Inst. nami vami njimi
Reflexive pronoun
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Prekmurian Slovene[63]
Nom. —
Gen. sebe(j)
se
Dat. sebi
si
Ac. sebe(j)
se
Loc. sebi/sebej
Inst. sebof(v)/seuf
Standard Slovene[64]
Nom. —
Gen. sebe
se
Dat. sebi
si
Ac. sebe
se
-se
Loc. sebi
Inst. sabo/seboj

Numerals

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The names for numerals in Prekmurian Slovene are formed in a similar way to that found in the Standard Slovene or other Slavic languages.[65][66] The again, the old way of two-digit numbers was preserved. Ten comes first, followed by a one-digit number. They don't need a conjunction. In Standard Slovene the formation of numerals from 21 to 99, in which the unit is placed in front of the decade ("four-and-twenty"), as in German language.

Numerals
Prekmurian Slovene Standard Slovene Number
štirideset eden enainštirideset 41
štirideset dva dvainštirideset 42
štirideset tri(j) triinštirideset 43
štirideset štiri štiriinštirideset 44

Verb

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Verb stems in Prekmurian Slovene is most frequently üvati or avati, more rarely ovati[67] (stem ovati is most frequently in Standard Slovene). In the conjugation suffixes change is also dissimilar in Prekmurian and Slovene. For ex. Prekm. nategüvati, obrezavati, conj. nategüvlen/nategüjen, obrezavlen, Stand. Slov. nategovati, obrezovati, conj. nategujem, obrezujem.

In Goričko dialect and some western subdialects of Ravensko is the infinitive stem with the suffix -niti (zdigniti),[68] just like in the Standard Slovene (dvigniti), infrequently -nouti (Prekm. obrnouti, Stand. Slov. obrniti). In the Dolinsko dialect and other Ravensko subdialects the infinitive stem with the suffix -noti (zdignoti)[68], just like in Croatian (and Kajkavian).

Present tense
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Prekmurian Slovene[68]
Singular lübin lübiš lübi
Dual lübiva lübita lübita
Plural lübimo lübite lübijo
Standard Slovene[69]
Singular ljubim ljubiš ljubi
Dual ljubiva ljubita ljubita
Plural ljubimo ljubite ljubijo
Past tense
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Prekmurian Slovene[70]
Singular san/sen lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 si lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 je lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)
Dual sva lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 sta lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 sta lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)
Plural smo lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 ste lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 so lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)
Standard Slovene[71]
Singular sem ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 si ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 je ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)
Dual sva ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 sta ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 sta ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)
Plural smo ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 ste ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 so ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)
Future tense
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Prekmurian Slovene[70]
Singular mo lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 boš lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 de lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)
Dual va lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 ta lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 ta lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)
Plural mo lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 te lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 do lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)
Standard Slovene[72]
Singular bom ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 boš ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 bo ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)
Dual bova ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 bosta ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 bosta ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)
Plural bomo ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 boste ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 bodo ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)
Conditional present
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Prekmurian Slovene[73]
Singular bi lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 bi lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)		 bi lübo(Masc.)
lübila(Fem.)
Dual bi lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 bi lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)		 bi lübila(Masc.)
lübili(Fem.)
Plural bi lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 bi lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)		 bi lübili(Masc.)
lübile(Fem.)
Standard Slovene[72]
Singular bi ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 bi ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)		 bi ljubil(Masc.)
ljubila(Fem.)
Dual bi ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 bi ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)		 bi ljubila(Masc.)
ljubili(Fem.)
Plural bi ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 bi ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)		 bi ljubili(Masc.)
ljubile(Fem.)

Lexicon

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The Prekmurian Slovene vocabulary is very rich[74] and is significantly different from the Standard Slovene vocabulary. The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary.[citation needed]

The Prekmurian Slovene greatly expanded its vocabulary from the other Slavic languages (mainly from Kajkavian Croatian, Standard Slovene, Styrian Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, partly from the Czech and Slovak) and non-Slavic languages (mainly from Hungarian and German,[75] partly from Latin and Italian).[76] The more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English.

Comparison

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Prekmurian Slovene Standard Slovene Kajkavian Croatian Serbo-Croatian English
bajžlek bazilika bajžulek, bažuljek bosiljak basil
bejžati hiteti, teči bežati trčati run
betvo betev betvo stabljika stem
blejdi bled bledi blijed white-faced
bliskanca bliskavica bliskavica, blesikavec blistanje flashing
bougati ubogati - povinovati submit
brač trgač brač berač vintager
brbrati, brbravi klepetati, klepetav brbotati, brblivi, brbotlivi brbljati, brbljavi chatter, chatterbox
comprnjak čarovnik, čarodej coprnik carovnik čarobnjak wizard
cükati lulati cukati piškiti urinate
čarni, črni črn črni crn black
česnek česen česen, češnjak češnjak garlic
činiti delati, opravljati činiti činiti make
čun čoln čun čamac boat
čüti slišati čuti čuti hear
den dan den dan day
dečko fant, deček dečko dečak boy
deklina, dekla deklica devojka devojka girl
delati delati delati raditi work
dokeč dokler doklam, dok dok until
dveri vrata vrata vrata door
fala hvala fala/hvala hvala thanks, gratitude
fčela čebela čmela pčela bee
fčera/včera včeraj čera jučer yesterday
geniti ganiti genuti ganuti move
ge kje, kjer de, gde gdje where
gorice vinograd trsje vinograd vineyard
grbanj jurček vrganj vrganj penny bun
gnes, gnjes danes denes danas today
gnüs gnus gnus, gnjus gnus disgust
gostüvanje ženitovanje goščenje svadba wedding
goušča gozd šuma šuma forest
gučati govoriti govoriti govoriti speak, talk
grüška hruška hruška kruška pear
inda nekoč negda nekada once
istina resnica istina istina truth
iža hiša hiža kuća house
Jezuš Kristuš Jezus Kristus Jezuš Kristuš Isus Krst Jesus Christ
ka kaj kaj što what
ka da da da that
ka ker arold jernew jer as
kakši kakšen kakvi kakov what
kama kam, kamor kam kamo to where
kapla kaplja kaplja, kapla kapljica drop
keden, tjeden teden tjeden tjedan week
kelko koliko kulko, kuliko koliko how much
kisili kisel kisel kiseo sour
kitina kutina kutina dunja quince
klejt klet, shramba sramba podrum cellar
klün kljun klun kljun beak
kmica tema tmica, kmica tama, tmina darkness
koupanca kopalnica kopel kupatilo bathroom
kopün kopun kopon, kopun - capon
koula voz kola, vozica kola cart
krapanca krastača krastača krastača toad
krpliva kopriva kopriva kopriva nettle
krpüšnica robidnica, robida kupina kupina blackberry
krumpiš, krumpič, krumše krompir krumpir krumpir potato
krüj kruh kruh hlijeb, kruh bread
krv kri krv krv blood
kukorca koruza kuruza kuruza corn
küščar kuščar kuščer gušter lizard
lapec hlapec hlapec sluga servant
ledičen samski - samac bachelor
lejko lahko lehko lako possible
len lan len lan flax
lice obličje lice lice face
liki toda, ampak nego međutim, ali but
loški divji divji divlji wild (plant)
lübezen ljubezen ljubav, lubav ljubav love
mejšati mešati mešati miješati mix
meša maša meša misa mass
metül metulj metul, metulj leptir butterfly
mouč moč jakost jakost power
modroust modrost mudrost mudrost wisdom
Möra, Müra Mura Mura Mura Mura (river)
mrejti umreti hmreti, vumreti umreti die
mrlina mrhovina, crkovina mrcina lešina corpse
miditi muditi muditi kasniti be late
müja muha muha muha fly
nači(k) drugače inače inače other
natelebati natepsti - tapkati beat
nedela nedelja nedela nedjelja sunday
nigdar nikoli nigdar nikada never
nigi nikjer nigde, nigdi nigdje nowhere
nikak nikakor - nikako no way
nojet noht nohet nokat nail
norija norost, neumnost norost, norija glupost

foolishness

obed, obid, oböd kosilo obed ručak lunch
oditi hoditi hoditi hoditi move
odzaja odzadaj, zadaj - odostraga from behind
ograd vrt vrt vrt garden
ovak drugače inače inače other
öček sekirica sekirica sjekira ax
pajžli parkelj parkel kopita hoof
paroven pohlepen, požrešen paraven proždrljiv gluttonous
paska pazljivost paska skrbljenje prudence
pejati bosti pehati ubosti prod
pejsek pesek pesek pijesak sand
pesen pesem pesem pjesma song
pondejlek ponedeljek pondelek ponedjeljak monday
pitati, pitanje vprašati, vprašanje pitati, pitanje pitati, pitanje ask, question
plantavi šepav šantavi, plantavi šepav, šantav lame
plastič kopica, kopa - plast sena haycock
plüča pljuča pluča pluća lung
plüskati klofutati pluskati ošamariti slap
poboukšati poboljšati pobolšati poboljšati improve
pogača potica pogača pogača scone
pojeb, pojbič fant, fantič dečec dečak boy
pokapanje pokop pokapanje pogreb burial
pozoj zmaj pozoj zmaj dragon
pükša puška puška, pušak puška riffle
praviti reči reči reći say
püščava puščava pustina pustinja desert
radost veselje radost radost joy
ranč tak, gli tak prav tako ravno tak isto tako alike
rasoje, rašoške vile, vilice rasohe vile, viljuška pitchfork, fork
rejč beseda reč riječ word
sklejca skleda, krožnik - zdela dish
sledi, sledkar kasneje stopram kasnije later
slejpi slep slepi slijep blind
smej smeh smeh smijeh laugh
spitavati izpraševati, spraševati spitavati ispitavati interrogate
sprejvod pogreb sprevod, pogreb pogreb funeral
spuniti izpolniti spuniti ispuniti fulfil
stüdenec vodnjak zdenec bunar well
sunce sonce sunce sunce sun
svaja prepir - svađa conflict
ščava kislica ščava štavelj sorrels
šinjek vrat, tilnik šinjak vrat neck
šoula, škola šola škola škola school
školnik učitelj školnik učitelj teacher
škrampeu krempelj krampel pandža claw
taca šapa taca šapa paw
telko toliko tulko, tuliko toliko that much
tejlo telo telo tijelo body
tenja senca senca zasenak shadow
tou to to, ovo to, ovo this
trplenje tprljenje muka muka pain
trüd trud trud napor effort
türen, tören stolp turem toranj tower
ugorka kumara vugorek krastavac cucumber
vaga tehtnica vaga vaga scales
veleti ukazati veleti naređivati instruct
vejnec venec venec vjenac wreath
vonjati smrdeti smrdeti smrdeti smell
vonjüga smrad smrad smrad stench
vüpati, vüpanje upati, upanje vufati, vufanje ufati, ufanje hope, trust
vživati uživati vživati uživati enjoy
zajtra zjutraj vjutro ujutro morning
zoubar zobozdravnik - zubar dentist
zveličanje zveličanje zveličenje spasenje redemption
žalec želo žalec žaoka sting
žmeten težek teški teški heavy
žnjec žanjec - žetelac harvester
žuč žolč žuč žuč bile
žuna žolna - detlić woodpecker
župa juha - supa soup

Loanwords

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Prekmurian Slovene has also today a large number of foreign words of mostly German and Hungarian origin.[77] The German lonwoards German mainly come from the Austro-Bavarian dialect.[78] There is still a strong German influence in Goričko dialect.[79]

Prekmurian Slovene Hungarian Standard Slovene English
beteg, betežen betegség, beteg bolezen, bolan illness, ill
čonta, čunta csont kost bone
engriš egres kosmulja gooseberry
gezero, jezero ezer tisoč thousand
pajdaš pajtás kamerad buddy
laboška lábas, lábos kozica pot
ugorka uborka kumara cucumber
koudiš koldus berač beggar
valon való veljaven suitable
varaš város mesto city, town
Prekmurian Slovene German Standard Slovene English
brütif, brütof Friedhof pokopališče cemetery
cajgar Zeiger kazalec hand of watch
cigeu Ziegel opeka brick
cimprati zimmparon(Bav.) graditi build (with wood)
cug Zug vlak train
cvek zwëc(Middle High German) žebelj spike
dönok, denok dennoch(Middle High German) vendar however
fabrika Fabrik tovarna factory
fašenek Fasching pust carnival
farba Farbe barva color
farar Pfarrer duhovnik protestant pastor
fejronga Vorhang zavesa curtain
förtoj Fürtuch(Bavarian) predpasnik woman apron
glaž Glas steklo glass
gratati geraten postati, nastati to arise
gvant Gewand obleka clothes
lampe Lippen usta mouth
pejgla Bügeleisen likalnik clothes iron
plac Plaz trg square
rafankeraš, rafankerar Rauchfangkehrer dimnikar chimney-sweep
šalica Schale(Bavarian) skodelica cup
šker geschirre(Middle High German) orodje tool
špilati spielen igrati play
šrajf Schrafe(Bavarian) vijak screw
šraklin Schürhakel žarač, grebača fire rake
žajfa Seife milo soap

We also find Latin loanwords: bauta, bunta (storage, Lat. voluta, Stand. Slov. trgovina), cintor (cemetery, Lat. coementerium, Stand. Slov. pokopališče), kanta (can, Lat. canna, Stand. Slov. ročka), oštarija (inn, Italian osteria, Stand. Slov. gostilna), upkaš (hoopoe, Lat. upupa, Stand. Slov. smrdokavra) etc.

Loanwords adopted from the Serbo-Croatian during Yugoslavia: dosaden (tedious, Serbo-Croatian dosadan, Stand. Slov. dolgočasen), novine (newspaper, Serbo-Croatian novine, Stand. Slovene časopis), život (live, Serbo-Croatian život, Stand. Slov. življenje).

False friends

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Prekmurje Slovene dialects

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History

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The Prekmurje Slovene developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.

In the end of the 16th century some Slovene Protestant pastor supported breaking away from Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Primož Trubar and used it in Gornji Petrovci.

The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin. In the 18th and early 19th century, a regional literature written in Prekmurje Slovene flourished. It comprised mostly (although not exclusively) of religious texts, written by both Protestant and Catholic clergymen. The most important authors were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century. Both of them were born in central Prekmurje, and accordingly the regional literary language was also based on the central sub-dialects of Prekmurje Slovene.

Miklós Küzmics in the 1790s rejected Standard Slovene. The poet, writer, translator, and journalist Imre Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene,[10][82] but retained the Hungarian alphabet. The poet Ferenc Sbüll also made motions toward accepting standard Slovene.

By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular.[which?] Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv, Prekmurje Slovene: vandalszki jezik or vandalszka vüszta).

With the advent of modernization in the mid-19th century, this kind of literature slowly declined. Nevertheless, the regional standard continued to be used in religious services. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.

In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. Standard Slovene gradually started to replace Prekmurje Slovene in the local Roman Catholic church, while the Lutheran community continued to use the dialect in their religious services. The local press tried to combine the old Prekmurje regional standard with standard Slovene, making it completely intelligible to Slovenes from other regions. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many Slovenes from the Julian March who fled from Fascist Italy settled in Prekmurje, especially in the town of Lendava. The Yugoslav authorities encouraged the settlements of Slovene political immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy in Prekmurje as an attempt to reduce the influence of the Magyar element in the region; besides, the western Slovene dialects were very difficult to understand for the people of Prekmurje, thus the use of standard Slovene became almost indispensable for the mutual understanding.[83]

After World War II, the Lutheran Church also switched to standard Slovene in most of its parishes, and Prekmurje Slovene has since been relegated to almost exclusively private use. Nevertheless, along with Resian, the Prekmurje Slovene is one of the few Slovene dialects still used by most speakers, with very little influence from standard Slovene.[citation needed] This creates a situation of diglossia, where the dialect is used as the predominant means of communication in private life, while the standard language is used in schools, administration, and the media. The situation is different among the Hungarian Slovenes, where standard Slovene is still very rarely used.

1823–1848

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A second wave of standardisation began in 1823. Mihály Barla issued a new hymnbook (Krscsanszke nove peszmene knige). József Kossics, a great writer and poet from Ptrekmurje, made contact with the Slovenian linguist Oroslav Caf [sl] and thus get acquainted with the Styrian Slovenian dialect. Kossics first worked in Alsószölnök. The teacher of the village was József Vogrin (Jožef Vogrin) born into the Slovene Styria, and accordingly spoke the Styrian dialect. Kossics's father was of Croatian descent, and accordingly was also raised in the Kajkavian Croatian language. The Krátki návuk vogrszkoga jezika za zacsetníke, a Slovenian-Hungarian grammar book and dictionary let out the standard Prekmurje Slovene. The Zobriszani Szloven i Szlovenszka med Mürov in Rábov ethic-book, formed the ethics- and linguistic-norms. Zgodbe vogerszkoga králesztva and Sztarine Zseleznih ino Szalaszkih Szlovencov are the first Prekmurje Slovene Slovenian history books. Kossics was the first writer to write nonreligious poetry.

In 1820, a teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook (Novi abeczedár), into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).
Sándor Terplán and János Kardos wrote a psalm book (Knige 'zoltárszke), and a hymnbook (Krsztsanszke czerkvene peszmi), the latter a reprint of Barla's hymn-book.

1870–1886

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János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. In 1870, he worked on a new coursebook, the Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. In 1875, Imre Augustich established the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend). Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers.

In 1886, József Bagáry wrote second course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).

1914–1945

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In 1914-1918, the ethnic governor and later parliamentarian congressman in Belgrade József Klekl standardized Prekmurje Slovene,[10] making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendar were written in the Prekmurje Slovene.[84]
József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating the Prekmurje Slovene, although not all schools offered education in Prekmurje Slovene. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.

János Fliszár wrote a Hungarian-Wendish dictionary in 1922. In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola.[clarification needed]

After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of religious books in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene was used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.

The question of the Wend or Prekmurje language

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The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe of pre-Roman Empire era antiquity. The Vandal name was used not only as the "scientific" or ethnological term for Slovenes, but also to acknowledge that the Vandalic people were named the Szlovenci, szlovenszki, szlovenye (Slovenians).

In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Vendvidék, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).[clarification needed] Herein act a Slavic Bible in Gornji Petrovci, which as a matter of fact the Bible of Primož Trubar. From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary and brought with them Trubar's Bible, which helped set the standard for Slovene. Not known by accident there was work on Prekmurje Slovene.[clarification needed]

According to the Hungarian dissenters, the Wendish (Prekmurje Slovene) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction.[citation needed] But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.

According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured by Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were "in truth" Magyar peoples, and some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.

In 1920, Hungarian physicist Sándor Mikola [sl] wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola also adopted the belief that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians. In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program tried to prove his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.

During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however, supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth siding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš, the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture.[clarification needed] Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.

In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Hungarian government in Budapest after 1867 tried to assimilate the Prekmurje Slovenes. In Somogy in the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje Slovene and identity.

In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Hungarian Slovenians is to conceive Prekmurje Slovene is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect.[clarification needed] Their allusions: the Küzmics Gospels, the Old Grammar- and state-run public schools, the typical Prekmurje Slovene and Rába Slovene culture, the few centuries old-long isolation in Prekmurje Slovene and continued self-preservation from the Hungarian majority. The Hungarian Slovenes are more interested in being Slovenes.[citation needed] In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.[85][86]

However, pseudoscientic and extremist theories continue to be propagated. Ethnological research has again looked into the "Celtic-Wends, Wendish-Magyars", "Pannonian Roman" and West Slavic theories. Tibor Zsiga, a prominent Hungarian historian in 2001 declared "The Slovene people cannot be declared Wends, neither in Slovenia, neither in Prekmurje." One may mind the Slovene/Slovenski name issue was under Pan-Slavism in the 19th-20th century, the other believes the issue was purely political in nature.

Examples

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A comparison of the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Standard Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene version is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition). The original Hungarian orthography has been transliterated into Gaj's Latin alphabet, as used in the other versions, for easier comparison.

Standard Slovene Standard Prekmurje Slovene Standard Kajkavian Standard Croatian

Oče naš, ki si v nebesih,
posvečeno bodi tvoje ime,
pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo,
zgodi se tvoja volja
kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji.
Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh
in odpusti nam naše dolge,
kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom,
in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo,
temveč reši nas hudega.
Amen.

Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj!
Svéti se Ime tvoje.
Pridi králestvo tvoje.
Bojdi vola tvoja,
kak na nébi, tak i na zemli.
Krüha našega vsakdanéšnjega daj nam
ga dnes.
I odpüsti nam duge naše,
kak i mi odpüščamo dužnikom našim.
I ne vpelaj nas vu sküšávanje.
Nego odslobodi nas od hüdoga.
Amen.

Otec naš, koji jesi v nebesih,
sveti se ime tvoje,
dojdi kralevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kak na nebu tak i na zemli.
Kruh naš svakdašni daj
nam denes
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kak i mi otpuščamo dužnikom našim,
i ne uvedi nas v napast,
nek izbavi nas od zla.
Amen.

Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima,
sveti se ime tvoje,
dođi kraljevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kako na nebu tako i na zemlji.
Kruh naš svagdanji daj
nam danas
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim,
i ne uvedi nas u napast,
nego izbavi nas od zla.
Amen.

Trivia

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In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince was published.[87]

Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič.[88][89]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prekmurian language.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Damir Josipovič: Prekmurje in prekmurščina (Anali PAZU - Letnik 2, leto 2012, številka 2)
  2. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 1:"There is reason to think of Prekmurje Slovene as a dialect of Slovene as well as a separate language. Indeed it has carried through many of the innovations that are characteristic of Slovene, shares most core vocabulary and grammatical structure, and from this perspective is part of a broader dialect group of the Pannonian group of Slovene dialects, together with the Slovenske gorice, Prlekija, and Haloze dialects, which in turn share a number of characteristics that differ from the rest of Slovene as well as neighboring Kajkavian dialects in Croatia (see Ramovš 1935, 171–193 for details). In favor of Prekmurje Slovene as a language it is written tradition, as it has been used for several centuries in a loosely standardized form, largely, but not exclusively, as a liturgical language. From a diachronic perspective, the Prekmurje Slovene offers a glimpse at a linguistic code that came into being through heterogeneous processes."
  3. ^ Logar, Tine. 1996. Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 240.
  4. ^ "Zapostavljeni spomin pokrajine - Prekmurska zgodovina kot primer spregleda lokalne zgodovine v učnem načrtu osnovnih in srednjih šol" [Neglected memory of a region - history of Prekmurje as an example of overlooked local history in curriculum of primary and secondary schools] (in Slovenian). Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije [Slovenian Research Agency] (AARS). 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Jesenšek, Marko (2008). "Trubarjeva in Küzmičeva različica slovenskega knjižnega jezika" [Trubar's and Küzmič's Variants of the Slovene Literary Language] (PDF). Slavistična revija (in Slovenian and English). Vol. 56, no. 4. COBISS 16738056.
  6. ^ RTV SLO: Nova radijska igra Bratonski pil v prekmurščini
  7. ^ Prekmurščina: Dnejvi so minejvali pa nika takšoga se nej zgoudilo (Dnevnik)
  8. ^ Prekmurci in prekmurščina (Prekmursko društvo General Maister)
  9. ^ NE SPREGLEJTE! Na TV IDEA nova oddaja TIJ SAMO GUČI z gostiteljem Mišem Kontrecem (Sobotainfo)
  10. ^ a b c d e Imre, Szíjártó (October 2007). "Muravidéki szlovén irodalom; A Muravidék történelmi útja" [Prekmurje Slovene literature; The Prekmurje historical journey] (PDF). Nagy Világ (in Hungarian): 777–778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21.
  11. ^ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →Prekmurska jezikovna vojna, 73. page
  12. ^ Slovenski koledar (1992) ISSN 0237-1480, 98. p.
  13. ^ "Zapis 34. posveta predstavnikov verskih skupnosti, ki so prijavile svojo ustanovitev v Republiki Sloveniji" (PDF) (in Slovenian).
  14. ^ Nekaj manjka v naših šolah ... To je prekmurščina!
  15. ^ Prekmurščina kot predmet v osnovnih in srednjih šolah? (sobotainfo.com)
  16. ^ Spoznaj nosilca enote Ptuj: Rolando Benjamin Vaz Ferreira (piratskastranka.si)
  17. ^ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Poslünte, da esi prosim vas, gospoda, ka bom vam jas pravo od toga naroda” 10. 12. 14. page
  18. ^ "Prekmurski film Oča se danes predstavlja svetovni javnosti" (in Slovenian). Pomurec. 2010-09-07.
  19. ^ "MITNJEK VESNA S.P. ČARNA BAUTA" (in Slovenian).
  20. ^ Lovenjakov Dvor - Hotel Štrk
  21. ^ "Protesti v Murski Soboti" (in Slovenian). Pomurec.
  22. ^ Marko Jesenšek: Prekmuriana, Cathedra Philologiae Slavicae, Balassi Kiadó, Budapest 2010. ISBN 978-963-506-846-3
  23. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 17.
  24. ^ a b c d Greenberg 2020, p. 21.
  25. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 20.
  26. ^ Novak 1976, p. 69.
  27. ^ Lončar 2010, p. 20.
  28. ^ a b c Greenberg 2020, p. 24.
  29. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 22.
  30. ^ a b c Greenberg 2020, p. 23.
  31. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 29.
  32. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 31.
  33. ^ Koletnik 2001, pp. 97–99.
  34. ^ Zorko 1998, pp. 25–47.
  35. ^ Moguš 1977, pp. 79–82.
  36. ^ Nowday: velika noč
  37. ^ a b c d e Greenberg 2020, p. 32.
  38. ^ a b c Greenberg 2020, p. 33.
  39. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 35.
  40. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 51.
  41. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 50.
  42. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 271.
  43. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 53.
  44. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 290.
  45. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 59.
  46. ^ Toporišič 2004, pp. 293–295.
  47. ^ a b c Greenberg 2020, pp. 74–75.
  48. ^ a b Toporišič 2004, pp. 323–325.
  49. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 62.
  50. ^ Toporišič 2004, pp. 277–278.
  51. ^ Kühar 1913, p. 20a..
  52. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 288–289.
  53. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 321.
  54. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 67.
  55. ^ Toporišič 2004, pp. 299–300.
  56. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 299.
  57. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 297.
  58. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 85.
  59. ^ a b c Toporišič 2004, p. 305.
  60. ^ Greenberg 2020, pp. 85–86.
  61. ^ Kühar 1913, pp. 47–49.
  62. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 86.
  63. ^ Greenberg 2020, pp. 87–88.
  64. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 306.
  65. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 97.
  66. ^ Toporišič 2004, pp. 329–331.
  67. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 108.
  68. ^ a b c Greenberg 2020, p. 110.
  69. ^ Toporišič 2004, pp. 369–370.
  70. ^ a b Greenberg 2020, p. 111.
  71. ^ Toporišič 2004, p. 373.
  72. ^ a b Toporišič 2004, p. 388.
  73. ^ Greenberg 2020, pp. 112–113.
  74. ^ Ulčnik 2007, pp. 678–679.
  75. ^ Trajber 2010, p. 72.
  76. ^ Ulčnik 2007, p. 8.
  77. ^ Greenberg 2020, p. 185.
  78. ^ Novak & Novak 2009, p. 15.
  79. ^ Trajber 2010, pp. 91–92.
  80. ^ a b c d Greenberg 2020, p. 16.
  81. ^ Zorko 2009, p. 285.
  82. ^ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Poslünte, da esi prosim vas, gospoda ka bom vam jas pravo od toga naroda,” 19. page
  83. ^ Göncz, László. "A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941" [The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941]. Hungarian Electronic Library (in Hungarian).
  84. ^ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Pride čas, i ne je daleč, gda bomo vu našem maternom jeziki čteli dobra, čedna, poštena, düši i teli hasnovita dela.” 26.-53. page
  85. ^ Janez Votek: Raznarodovanje rodilo srečne sadove, Vestnik 49./21. Murska Sobota (22.05.1997), 8. p.
  86. ^ Stanislav Zver: Jožef Klekl prekmurski Čedermac, Ognjišče 2001. ISBN 961-6308-62-9, pp. 111-112
  87. ^ Mali princ tudi v prekmurščini (vestnik.si)
  88. ^ Svetovno znan božični hit dobil prekmursko verzijo (prlekija.net)
  89. ^ NIKA ZORJAN-FSE, KA BI ZA BOŽIČ BESEDILO (YouTube)

Bibliography

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  • Greenberg, Marc L. (2020). Fortuin, Egbert; Houtzagers, Peter; Kalsbeek, Janneke (eds.). Prekmurje Slovene Grammar: Avgust Pavel's Vend nyelvtan (1942). Critical edition and translation from Hungarian by Marc L. Greenberg. Leiden, Boston: Brill Rodopi. ISBN 978-9004419117.
  • Koletnik, Mihaela (2001). Slovenskogoriško narečje. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN 961-6320-04-1.
  • Kühar, Števan (1913). Slòvnica vogr̀sko-slovènskoga narêčja. Bratonci: Manuscript.
  • Lončar, Nataša (2010). Ledinska in hišna imena v izbranih naseljih občine Cankova. Diplomsko delo. Maribor: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru. Oddelek za slovanske jezike in književnosti.
  • Moguš, Milan (1977). Čakavsko narječje. Fonologija. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
  • Novak, Franc; Novak, Vilko (2009). Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Ponatis druge, popravljene in dopolnjene izdaje iz leta 1996, ki jo je priredil in uredil Vilko Novak. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba. ISBN 978-961-249-068-3.
  • Novak, Vilko (1976). Izbor prekmurskega slovstva. Ljubljana: Self-publishing.
  • Novak, Vilko (1936). Izbor prekmurske književnosti. Cvetje iz domačih in tujih logov 9. Urejuje prof. Jakob Šolar s sodelovanjem uredniškega odbora. Celje: Družba Sv. Mohorja.
  • Toporišič, Jože (2004). Slovenska slovnica. Četrta, prenovljena in razširjena izdaja. Maribor: Založba Obzorja. ISBN 961-230-171-9.
  • Trajber, Aleksander-Saša (2010). Germanizmi v prekmurskem narečju. Diplomsko delo. Maribor: Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Mariboru. Oddelek za germanistiko.
  • Ulčnik, Natalija (2007). Bogastvo panonskega besedja. Slavistična revija. Letn. 55. Štev. 4. Ljubljana: Slavistično društvo Slovenije. pp. 675–679.
  • Zorko, Zinka (1998). Haloško narečje in druge dialektološke študije. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN 961-90073-8-7.
  • Zorko, Zinka (2009). Narečjeslovne razprave o koroških, štajerskih in panonskih govorih. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru. ISBN 978-961-6656-37-5.

Sources

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