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A Survey of the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies on Neonatal Respiratory Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
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Parental Satisfaction with the Quality of Care in an Early Intervention Service for Children with Visual Impairment: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study
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3D Back Contour Metrics in Predicting Idiopathic Scoliosis Progression: Retrospective Cohort Analysis, Case Series Report and Proof of Concept
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Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents
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Congenital Deafness and Deaf-Mutism: A Historical Perspective
Journal Description
Children
Children
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on children’s health published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Pediatrics) / CiteScore - Q2 (Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.1 (2023)
Latest Articles
Construct Validity of the Athlete Introductory Movement Screen in Grassroots Footballers Aged 11–13 Years
Children 2024, 11(7), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070879 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: This study examined the construct validity of the Athlete Introductory Movement Screen (AIMS) in children. Methods: Following ethics approval, parental consent, and child assent, 87 children (50 boys, 37 girls) aged 11–13 years (Mean ± SD = 12.4 ± 0.6 years) performed
[...] Read more.
Background: This study examined the construct validity of the Athlete Introductory Movement Screen (AIMS) in children. Methods: Following ethics approval, parental consent, and child assent, 87 children (50 boys, 37 girls) aged 11–13 years (Mean ± SD = 12.4 ± 0.6 years) performed the AIMS and Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) in a counterbalanced order. AIMS tertiles were subsequently created, classifying children with ‘high’, ‘medium’, or ‘low’ movement skills. Results: A 2 (Gender) X 3 (AIMS tertile) ways analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age and age at peak height velocity, with TGMD-3 scores as the dependant variable, indicated that TGMD-3 scores were significantly higher for girls categorised as having a medium movement skill compared to girls categorised as low, and those categorised having high movement skill compared to medium and low movement skill groups (all, p = 0.001). There was no difference in TGMD-3 scores for boys classed as having low and medium movement skills. Boys categorised as high for movement skills had significantly greater TGMD-3 scores than their peers categorised as having both low and medium movement skills (p = 0.001). Conclusions: As the AIMS differentiates the theoretically related construct of motor competence, this study demonstrates that the AIMS has construct validity as a measure of movement skill in children aged 11–13 years.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Behaviors and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Pediatric Population)
Open AccessReview
Importance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Applied to Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Age: A Narrative Review
by
Sara Moscatelli, Alice Pozza, Isabella Leo, Jessica Ielapi, Alessandra Scatteia, Sofia Piana, Annachiara Cavaliere, Elena Reffo and Giovanni Di Salvo
Children 2024, 11(7), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070878 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) represent a heterogeneous group of congenital defects, with high prevalence worldwide. Non-invasive imaging is essential to guide medical and surgical planning, to follow the patient over time in the evolution of the disease, and to reveal potential complications of
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Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) represent a heterogeneous group of congenital defects, with high prevalence worldwide. Non-invasive imaging is essential to guide medical and surgical planning, to follow the patient over time in the evolution of the disease, and to reveal potential complications of the chosen treatment. The application of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in this population allows for obtaining detailed information on the defects without the necessity of ionizing radiations. This review emphasizes the central role of CMR in the overall assessment of CHDs, considering also the limitations and challenges of this imaging technique. CMR, with the application of two-dimensional (2D) and tri-dimensional (3D) steady-state free precession (SSFP), permits the obtaining of very detailed and accurate images about the cardiac anatomy, global function, and volumes’ chambers, giving essential information in the intervention planning and optimal awareness of the postoperative anatomy. Nevertheless, CMR supplies tissue characterization, identifying the presence of fat, fibrosis, or oedema in the myocardial tissue. Using a contrast agent for angiography sequences or 2D/four-dimensional (4D) flows offers information about the vascular, valvular blood flow, and, in general, the cardiovascular system hemodynamics. Furthermore, 3D SSFP CMR acquisitions allow the identification of coronary artery abnormalities as an alternative to invasive angiography and cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT). However, CMR requires expertise in CHDs, and it can be contraindicated in patients with non-conditional devices. Furthermore, its relatively longer acquisition time and the necessity of breath-holding may limit its use, particularly in children under eight years old, sometimes requiring anesthesia. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the application of CMR during the pediatric age.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Pediatrics)
Open AccessArticle
Diving into the Digital Landscape: Assessing the Quality of Online Information on Neonatal Jaundice for Parents
by
Michael Karl Baumgartner, Anna-Lena Behr, Anne Christina Garbe, Christoph Quatember, Heiko Reutter, Joachim Woelfle, Fabian Benedikt Fahlbusch and Gregor Hanslik
Children 2024, 11(7), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070877 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in newborns. While mild cases of jaundice are common and typically resolve spontaneously, severe hyperbilirubinemia can lead to serious neurologic complications if left untreated. With the constant adaptation of guidelines, clinical management has significantly improved, and treatment
[...] Read more.
Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in newborns. While mild cases of jaundice are common and typically resolve spontaneously, severe hyperbilirubinemia can lead to serious neurologic complications if left untreated. With the constant adaptation of guidelines, clinical management has significantly improved, and treatment has become routine for pediatricians. However, for parents of affected children, managing the condition is not routine. In today’s digital age, parents often seek additional information by accessing a wide range of medical resources on the internet. While this can be empowering, it also presents challenges, as the quality and accuracy of online medical information can vary widely. Therefore, we analyzed the current quality of information on jaundice found on the internet by parents. Methods: A simulated internet search (using the Google search engine) was conducted from a layperson’s perspective using German (“Neugeborenes Gelbsucht”, “Baby Gelbsucht”) and English (“jaundice newborn”, “jaundice baby”) search terms. Subsequently, the quality of the search results was assessed by two independent neonatologists based on the DISCERN Plus Score, HONcode certification, and the JAMA criteria. Results: Websites targeting non-medical laypersons exhibited significant variability in quality. Notably, the content of English websites was superior to that of websites in the German language. The majority of English sites were predominantly institutional, whereas most German sites were commercially oriented. Conclusions: Although information on jaundice is readily accessible online for non-medical individuals, there were notable differences in quality based on language and significant variability in the quality of information warranting attention from healthcare professionals. Furthermore, German websites providing information on jaundice were often hosted by commercial organizations. We propose that pediatric societies engage in developing and maintaining organization-based medical information to improve online resources for parents.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)
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Figure 4
Y-axis: the numbers (1 to 25 for German and 1 to 24 for English) represent the top search results on Google. X-axis: the letters (A–P) correspond to different DISCERN questions: A–H: questions about the reliability of the information. I–O: questions about the quality of treatment information provided. P: the overall rating of the website. The colors indicate the scores for each item: brighter colors represent higher DISCERN scores, while dark colors represent lower DISCERN Plus Scores, with blue representing the lowest score (1) and yellow representing the highest score (5).
Full article
">p > 0.05, * indicates statistical significance.
Full article
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Open AccessCase Report
HEP® (Homeostasis-Enrichment-Plasticity) Approach Changes Sensory–Motor Development Trajectory and Improves Parental Goals: A Single Subject Study of an Infant with Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy and Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
by
Aymen Balikci, Teresa A. May-Benson, Gamze Cagla Sirma and Gul Ilbay
Children 2024, 11(7), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070876 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: Early intervention (EI) for infants identified as being at high risk for cerebral palsy (CP), or who have been diagnosed with it, is critical for promotion of postnatal brain organization. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the
[...] Read more.
Background: Early intervention (EI) for infants identified as being at high risk for cerebral palsy (CP), or who have been diagnosed with it, is critical for promotion of postnatal brain organization. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the Homeostasis-Enrichment-Plasticity (HEP) Approach, which is a contemporary EI model that applies the key principles of enriched environment paradigms and neuronal plasticity from experimental animal studies to ecological theories of human development on the motor development, sensory functions, and parental goals of an infant with twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) and CP. Methods: An AB phase with follow-up single case study design which consisted of multiple baseline assessments with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) and the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI) was used. Non-overlapping confidence intervals analysis was used for pre–post PDMS-2 scores. The measurement of progress toward goals and objectives was conducted using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). The HEP Approach intervention consisted of 12 one-hour sessions implemented over a period of 3 months, where a physical therapist provided weekly clinic-based parental coaching. Results: Results found a stable baseline during Phase A and improvement in response to the HEP Approach intervention during Phase B in both the PDMS-2 and TSFI according to 2SD Band analysis. The confidence intervals for the PDMS-2 scores also indicated a significant improvement after HEP intervention. The scores for both the PDMS-2 and the TSFI were consistent or showed improvement throughout the Follow-Up phase. A GAS t-score of 77.14 indicated that the infant exceeded intervention goal expectations. Conclusions: Although our findings suggest that the HEP Approach intervention has promise in enhancing sensory functions, motor skill outcomes, and parental goals in an infant with TAPS and CP, further research is required to validate and apply these results more broadly.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
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Open AccessArticle
Atypical Sensory Processing in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Clinical Phenotypes in Preschool-Aged Children
by
Federica Gigliotti, Federica Giovannone, Arianna Belli and Carla Sogos
Children 2024, 11(7), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070875 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: Sensory processing issues are frequent in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with very variable prevalence rates ranging from 20% to 95%. This study aimed to investigate sensory processing in preschool-aged children with NDDs, to clarify the epidemiology, and to identify associated or correlated clinical
[...] Read more.
Background: Sensory processing issues are frequent in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with very variable prevalence rates ranging from 20% to 95%. This study aimed to investigate sensory processing in preschool-aged children with NDDs, to clarify the epidemiology, and to identify associated or correlated clinical and psychometric variables. Methods: A total of 141 NDD children (age range 2–5 years old) were included and enrolled in two subgroups: 72 with ASD and 69 with other NDDs. A standardized neuropsychological evaluation was assessed (Griffiths III/WPPSI-III/Leiter-R, ADOS-2) and the parents completed the CBCL ½–5, the SPM-P, and the ADI-R. Results: Atypical sensory processing was reported in 39.7% of the total sample, more frequently in ASD (44.4%) than in other NDDs (34.8%). No statistically significant differences were found regarding gender and developmental level. A positive correlation was found between sensory processing abnormalities and behavioral problems (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Compared to other NDDs, ASDs more frequently have atypical sensory processing and appear to present a specific vulnerability in the processing of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs. Our results suggest that sensory processing difficulties should be considered regardless of developmental level and in children with behavioral problems.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Assessment and Treatment of Pain in Hospitalized Children at a Tertiary Children’s Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Survey
by
Nadia Roessler De Angulo, Andrea C. Postier, Lisa Purser, Lena Ngo, Karen Sun and Stefan Friedrichsdorf
Children 2024, 11(7), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070874 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Acute pain in hospitalized children remains under-recognized and under-treated. Our objective is to benchmark pain assessment, documentation, treatment, and patient experience in children admitted to a US children’s hospital. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-method survey of pain for children hospitalized ≥24
[...] Read more.
(1) Background: Acute pain in hospitalized children remains under-recognized and under-treated. Our objective is to benchmark pain assessment, documentation, treatment, and patient experience in children admitted to a US children’s hospital. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-method survey of pain for children hospitalized ≥24 h. Charts were reviewed for modalities of pain assessment and treatment for all inpatients. If pain was documented, patients/caregivers were surveyed regarding their experience with pain and its management. (3) Results: Chart review: All 107 patients had ≥1 pain score documented. A total of 47 patients had a pain score ≥0, 35 (74.5%) of whom had ≥1 moderate-severe score. Seventy (65.4%) patients received ≥1 intervention for pain, including medications from ≥1 class (e.g., opioids) (n = 55, 51.4%) and/or integrative/non-pharmacologic intervention(s) (n = 39, 36.4%). There were assessment and documentation gaps. Patient survey: A total of 39 (83.0%) interviews were attempted; 25 (53.2%) were completed. The worst pain was mostly caused by acute illness (n = 13, 52%) and painful procedures (n = 10, 40%). Suggestions for improvement included increasing the use of integrative modalities and optimizing patient–clinician communication. (4) Conclusions: All patients admitted ≥24 h had ≥1 pain score documented; however, gaps in documentation were common. Multimodal treatment and integrative modalities were underutilized. Procedures were a frequent cause of under-treated pain, prompting an institution-wide quality improvement project.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Palliative Care)
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Open AccessArticle
Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Preterm Neonates with Enteral Feeding Intolerance and Intestinal Obstruction: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
by
Domenico Umberto De Rose, Francesca Landolfo, Flaminia Pugnaloni, Paola Giliberti, Alessandra Santisi, Claudia Columbo, Ludovica Martini, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Paolo Maria Schingo, Guglielmo Salvatori, Fabio Fusaro, Pietro Bagolan, Andrea Dotta, Irma Capolupo and Andrea Conforti
Children 2024, 11(7), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070873 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: The use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to relieve meconium obstruction of prematurity in the first days of life has been reported, with NAC reducing the viscosity of luminal contents by cleaving the disulfide bonds of mucoproteins. However, its use in this population
[...] Read more.
(1) Background: The use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to relieve meconium obstruction of prematurity in the first days of life has been reported, with NAC reducing the viscosity of luminal contents by cleaving the disulfide bonds of mucoproteins. However, its use in this population should be further explored since it has been associated with hypernatremia and transient increase in transaminases and bilirubin. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, we included neonates admitted because of enteral feeding intolerance and intestinal obstruction from 2019 to 2021 who received NAC as a rescue therapy before explorative laparotomy. (3) Results: We summarized the clinical presentation of six preterm neonates with enteral feeding intolerance and intestinal obstruction who received NAC as a rescue therapy. Four infants (66.7%) gradually improved without the need for explorative laparotomy, whereas two infants (33.3%) underwent the creation of an ileostomy. No cases of hypernatremia or hepatic derangement associated with NAC therapy were observed. (4) Conclusions: We described the use of NAC treatment by nasogastric tube and/or rectal enemas in preterm infants with enteral feeding intolerance and intestinal obstruction after a multidisciplinary assessment, but the limited sample size did not allow us to obtain definitive conclusions and further research is needed in this field, given the limited evidence about NAC treatment in preterm infants.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Providing Care for Preterm Infants)
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Open AccessArticle
Association among Household Wealth, Maternal Employment, and Undernutrition in Children under Three Years of Age in Pakistan
by
Muhammad Shahid, Yuantao Xie, Shamshad Bashir, Nazia Noureen, Jiayi Song, Najma Iqbal Malik and Kun Tang
Children 2024, 11(7), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070872 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: There is an abundance of studies explaining the separate impact of female employment and household wealth status in reducing malnutrition. However, our study has unraveled the combined impact of maternal employment and household wealth on undernutrition among children under three in Pakistan.
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Background: There is an abundance of studies explaining the separate impact of female employment and household wealth status in reducing malnutrition. However, our study has unraveled the combined impact of maternal employment and household wealth on undernutrition among children under three in Pakistan. Methods: Using a sample of 1093 children under three years of age from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018, a binary logistic model was employed to gauge factors influencing the children’s undernutrition. Results: Our results indicated that children up to a certain age (three years old) with residence in certain regions (Pakistan) and recent episodes of diarrhea had an increased risk of undernutrition. Conversely, secondary and higher maternal education, access to improved water sources, and sanitation facilities lowered the chances of undernutrition in children under three in Pakistan. The interaction between maternal employment and household wealth showed that maternal employment significantly lowered the risk of stunting, being underweight, and wasting among the average, rich, and richest households; however, it did not contribute to child nutrition among the poorer and poor households. Notably, regardless of whether the mother was employed, the wealth status of being rich and richest reduced the risk of stunting, being underweight, and wasting. Conclusions: In overcoming undernutrition, maternal employment significantly contributed to middle-income households. However, in the richer and richest households, the wealth status played a more crucial role compared to the maternal employment. This indicates that while employment plays a supportive role in household resources, the wealth status is overall more influential in reducing undernutrition.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intake and Nutrition Assessment in Children: Focus on Healthy Growth)
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Open AccessReview
Antibiotics, Analgesic Sedatives, and Antiseizure Medications Frequently Used in Critically Ill Neonates: A Narrative Review
by
Angeliki Kontou, Eleni Agakidou, Ilias Chatziioannidis, William Chotas, Evanthia Thomaidou and Kosmas Sarafidis
Children 2024, 11(7), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070871 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Antibiotic, analgesic sedative, and antiseizure medications are among the most commonly used medications in preterm/sick neonates, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections, central nervous system complications, and are exposed to numerous painful/stressful procedures. These severe and potentially life-threatening complications may have
[...] Read more.
Antibiotic, analgesic sedative, and antiseizure medications are among the most commonly used medications in preterm/sick neonates, who are at high risk of nosocomial infections, central nervous system complications, and are exposed to numerous painful/stressful procedures. These severe and potentially life-threatening complications may have serious short- and long-term consequences and should be prevented and/or promptly treated. The reported variability in the medications used in neonates indicates the lack of adequate neonatal studies regarding their effectiveness and safety. Important obstacles contributing to inadequate studies in preterm/sick infants include difficulties in obtaining parental consent, physicians’ unwillingness to recruit preterm infants, the off-label use of many medications in neonates, and other scientific and ethical concerns. This review is an update on the use of antimicrobials (antifungals), analgesics (sedatives), and antiseizure medications in neonates, focusing on current evidence or knowledge gaps regarding their pharmacokinetics, indications, safety, dosage, and evidence-based guidelines for their optimal use in neonates. We also address the effects of early antibiotic use on the intestinal microbiome and its association with long-term immune-related diseases, obesity, and neurodevelopment (ND). Recommendations for empirical treatment and the emergence of pathogen resistance to antimicrobials and antifungals are also presented. Finally, future perspectives on the prevention, modification, or reversal of antibiotic resistance are discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intensive Care for Critically Ill Neonates: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment)
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Open AccessArticle
Parental Attitudes and Practices regarding Atopic Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Study among a Thai Population
by
Phurithat Nummak, Leelawadee Techasatian, Rattapon Uppala, Phanthila Sitthikarnkha, Suchaorn Saengnipanthkul and Prapassara Sirikarn
Children 2024, 11(7), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070870 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder common in children. Successful pediatric AD therapy requires parental assistance. Thus, evaluating parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding childhood AD may lead to more educational recommendations to help children control AD in the
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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder common in children. Successful pediatric AD therapy requires parental assistance. Thus, evaluating parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding childhood AD may lead to more educational recommendations to help children control AD in the future. This study examined parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and conduct concerning AD in families with and without children with AD. Method: The Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, conducted a cross-sectional study from June to December 2023. Parents of children who visited the dermatology clinic with or without AD were asked to complete a Google form questionnaire. Results: A total of 372 parents answered a questionnaire about AD pathophysiology, knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The participants were 293 (78.8%) female participants and 79 (21.2%) male participants. The average age was 29.79 (SD 4.91). Most parents (319, 85.8%) did not work in the medical field, and more than half (228 instances, 61.29%) had children diagnosed with AD. Conclusions: Parents of children with AD understood AD causes and triggers better than parents of children without AD. But, “exposure to furry toys” that may contain dust and allergies and “infection” that may cause AD flare-ups were the most common triggers, regardless of the group. Appropriate information should be supplied because both the parents of children with AD and those of children without AD reported immediate food avoidance without confirmatory testing, which might lead to malnutrition. Clinicians and families handling patients with AD require further education.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dermatology)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Nutritional Deficiencies and Associated Oral Health in Adolescents: A Comprehensive Scoping Review
by
Man Hung, Amy Blazejewski, Samantha Lee, Johanna Lu, Andres Soto, Connor Schwartz and Amir Mohajeri
Children 2024, 11(7), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070869 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Introduction: The shift to processed foods in American diets has increased vitamin and mineral deficiencies among adolescents, impacting growth and health, often manifesting as oral lesions. This review study aimed to explore the link between nutritional deficiencies and adolescent oral health to improve
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Introduction: The shift to processed foods in American diets has increased vitamin and mineral deficiencies among adolescents, impacting growth and health, often manifesting as oral lesions. This review study aimed to explore the link between nutritional deficiencies and adolescent oral health to improve guidance and prevent long-term issues. Methods: A systematic review of literature from 2013 to 2023 was conducted on adolescents aged 10–19 years, using PRISMA guidelines. Searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source—Ebscohost, and Scopus included peer-reviewed articles, excluding reviews and non-empirical studies. Data were screened and extracted with independent reviews for accuracy. Results: Malnutrition strongly correlates with poor oral health. Undernourished children have a 60% increase in dental caries, exacerbated by high sugar intake. Early malnutrition delays dental eruption, temporarily protecting against caries, while stunting and infections cause enamel defects. Chronic conditions like cerebral palsy and celiac disease worsen oral health, with risks persisting into adulthood. Conclusions: Nutritional deficiencies and oral health are interconnected, requiring integrated healthcare. Early interventions and holistic strategies can improve outcomes and reduce long-term burdens. Comprehensive health education and routine dental evaluations are essential for prevention and treatment, enhancing health across all demographics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Eating Patterns in Children and Adolescents: Prevalence, Screening and Prevention of Metabolic Disorders)
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Graphical abstract