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11 pages, 4633 KiB  
Article
Designating Airsheds in India for Urban and Regional Air Quality Management
by Sarath K. Guttikunda
Air 2024, 2(3), 247-257; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030015 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Air pollution knows no boundaries, which means for a city or a region to attain clean air standards, we must not only look at the emission sources within its own administrative boundary but also at sources in the immediate vicinity and those originating [...] Read more.
Air pollution knows no boundaries, which means for a city or a region to attain clean air standards, we must not only look at the emission sources within its own administrative boundary but also at sources in the immediate vicinity and those originating from long-range transport. And there is a limit to how much area can be explored to evaluate, govern, and manage designated airsheds for cities and larger regions. This paper discusses the need for an official airshed framework for India’s air quality management and urban airsheds designated for India’s 131 non-attainment cities under the national clean air program, and proposes climatically and geographically appropriate regional airsheds to support long-term planning. Between 28 states, eight union territories, 36 meteorological sub-regional divisions, and six regional meteorological departments, establishing the proposed 15 regional airsheds for integrated and collaborative air quality management across India is a unique opportunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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11]. Source contributions averaged for all the grids covering the airsheds, estimated from the same global reanalysis system [15,16]. Aggregated source definitions are DUST = anthropogenic dust; WINDUST = wind erosion (dust storms); WASTE = waste burning; RESI = all commercial and residential cooking, lighting, and heating; TRANS = all transport (excluding aviation and shipping); POWER = energy generation; INDUS = all industries and product use (including solvents); BIOB = biomass burning, including forest fires and agricultural waste burning; AGR = agricultural activities (excluding agricultural waste burning); OTHER = all others. The numbers on the map and stack graph represent the 15 proposed regional airsheds described in Table 1.

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18 pages, 2848 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Fogwater Chemistry in Alsace
by Dani Khoury, Maurice Millet, Yasmine Jabali, Thomas Weissenberger and Olivier Delhomme
Air 2024, 2(3), 229-246; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030014 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 289
Abstract
For the current article, forty-two fogwater samples are collected at four sites in Alsace (Strasbourg, Geispolsheim, Erstein, and Cronenbourg) between 2015 and 2021, except 2019 and 2020. Spatio-temporal evolution is studied for their inorganic fraction (ions and heavy metals), and physico-chemical properties (pH, [...] Read more.
For the current article, forty-two fogwater samples are collected at four sites in Alsace (Strasbourg, Geispolsheim, Erstein, and Cronenbourg) between 2015 and 2021, except 2019 and 2020. Spatio-temporal evolution is studied for their inorganic fraction (ions and heavy metals), and physico-chemical properties (pH, conductivity (K), liquid water content (LWC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)). The analyses show a remarkable shifting in pH from acidic to basic mainly due to the significant decrease in sulfate and nitrate levels. The calculated median LWC is somehow low (37.8–69.5 g m3) in fog samples, preventing the collection of large fog volumes. The median DOC varies between 14.3 and 24.4 ppm, whereas the median conductivity varies from 97.8 to 169.8 µS cm−1. Total ionic concentration (TIC) varies from 1338.3 to 1952.4 µEq L−1, whereas the total concentration of metals varies in the range of 1547.2 and 2860.3 µg L−1. The marine contribution is found to be negligible at all sites for the investigated elements. NH4+, in most samples, is capable alone to neutralize the acidity. On one hand, NH4+, Ca2+, NO3−, and SO42− are the dominant ions found in all samples, accounting for more than 80% of the TIC. On the other hand, Zn and Ni are the dominant metals accounting for more than 78% of the total elemental concentration. Heavy metals are found to primarily originate from crust as well as human-made activities. The median concentrations of individual elements either decrease or increase over the sampling period due to the wet deposition phenomenon or weather conditions. A Pearson analysis proves some of the suggested pollutant sources due to the presence of strong and significant correlations between elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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N H 4 +   /( [ S O 4 2 − ] + [ N O 3 − ] ) in fogwater samples collected at the Strasbourg metropolitan area since 1991 [18]. The lines represent linear regressions.

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9 pages, 1047 KiB  
Article
Diesel Engine Age and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in School Buses
by Mieczysław Szyszkowicz
Air 2024, 2(3), 220-228; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030013 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 289
Abstract
In this study, we examine and assess the potential impact of diesel engine age on the levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in school buses. The concentration of air pollutants is influenced by several factors, including the technical characteristics of the [...] Read more.
In this study, we examine and assess the potential impact of diesel engine age on the levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in school buses. The concentration of air pollutants is influenced by several factors, including the technical characteristics of the bus and its engine, the type of fuel used, the length of the commute, the weather conditions, and the ambient air pollution. The behavior of the bus on the road, during the commute to and from school, is also important. This includes its position in traffic, the number of bus stops, boarding procedures, as well as the opening of doors and windows. Data were collected by accompanying a student during their commute to and from school, with bus commutes serving as the sampling unit. A semi-parametric regression was applied to assess the link between the PM2.5 concentration and the bus engine age. It was demonstrated that the bus engine age has a statistically significant positive correlation with the PM2.5 concentration inside the bus. The fine particulate matter concentrations during boarding at the school also depend on the engine age, indicating that bus idling affects the PM2.5 concentration. In the first two minutes before boarding in front of the school and the first two minutes inside the bus, the PM2.5 concentrations were 26.3 and 40.3 μg/m3, respectively. The findings of this study highlight the impact of bus engine age on the PM2.5 concentration, showing that the PM2.5 concentration increases with the engine age. However, the effect becomes less visible as the duration of the bus ride increases. Full article
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11 pages, 1318 KiB  
Article
Conditional Sampling of Passive Samplers: Application to the Measurement of 8 h Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration
by Ivo Allegrini, Cinzia Perrino, Elena Rantica and Federica Valentini
Air 2024, 2(3), 209-219; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2030012 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Passive samplers have long been used to measure atmospheric pollutants in both indoor and outdoor environments. They are simple to operate, and can now monitor several chemical species. However, their use is limited because they usually require a long exposition time and provide [...] Read more.
Passive samplers have long been used to measure atmospheric pollutants in both indoor and outdoor environments. They are simple to operate, and can now monitor several chemical species. However, their use is limited because they usually require a long exposition time and provide a mean value that cannot control or evidence expected or non-expected events of environmental significance. A new apparatus specifically developed for exposing Analyst© passive samplers has been used to monitor ozone and nitrogen dioxide by automatically selecting a sampling duration of 8 h, as most legislation requires. The instrument was designed to accumulate ozone or NO2 in one passive sampler for 8 h over each day, and in another passive sampler for the remaining hours. This allows for a long-time accumulation of the 8 h ozone or nitrogen dioxide in a dedicated sampler. Measurements were carried out NE of Rome at a rural site. A description of the experiments is given, with special emphasis on the quality controls. Very low uncertainties and good comparability of the data with the reference methods were obtained for both pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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31 pages, 9080 KiB  
Article
Ozone Pollution in the North China Plain during the 2016 Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) Campaign: Observations and a Modeling Study
by Hao He, Zhanqing Li and Russell R. Dickerson
Air 2024, 2(2), 178-208; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020011 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 472
Abstract
To study air pollution in the North China Plain (NCP), the Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) campaign conducted airborne measurements of air pollutants in spring 2016. High pollutant concentrations, with O3 > 100 ppbv, CO > 500 ppbv, and NO2 [...] Read more.
To study air pollution in the North China Plain (NCP), the Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) campaign conducted airborne measurements of air pollutants in spring 2016. High pollutant concentrations, with O3 > 100 ppbv, CO > 500 ppbv, and NO2 > 10 ppbv, were observed. CMAQ simulations with the 2010 EDGAR emissions capture the spatial and temporal variations in ozone and its major precursors such as NO2 and VOCs, with significant underestimation. Differences between CMAQ simulations and satellite observations reflect changes in anthropogenic emissions, decreased NOx emissions in megacities such as Beijing, but slight increases in other cities and rural areas. CMAQ also underestimates HCHO and CO, suggesting adjustments of the 2010 EDGAR emissions are necessary. HCHO/NO2 column ratios derived from OMI measurements and CMAQ simulations show that VOC-sensitive chemistry dominates the ozone photochemical production in eastern China, suggesting the importance of tightening regulations on anthropogenic VOC emissions. After adjusting emissions based on satellite observations, better model performance was achieved. Because of the VOC-sensitive environment in ozone chemistry over the NCP, the underestimation of anthropogenic emissions could be important for CMAQ simulations, while future study and regulations should focus on VOC emissions with continuous controls on NOx emissions in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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Figure 4, but compares MDA8 ozone concentrations from CMEE observations and the CMAQ_all run. (a) Contour plot; the background stands for mean MDA8 ozone concentrations from the CMAQ_baseline run; the dots represent observed values from the CMEE network. (b) Scatter plot; blue line is the linear regression fitting.

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0 pages, 910 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Private and Commercial Pilot License Training in Canada
by Syed A. Q. Rizvi, Suzanne Kearns and Shi Cao
Air 2024, 2(2), 162-177; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020010 - 10 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 648
Abstract
As the global aviation sector expands to accommodate increasing air travel demand, the subsequent rise in flights exacerbates carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, challenging the sector’s environmental sustainability. Targeting net-zero emissions by 2050, international aviation agencies are stressing the imperative of reducing [...] Read more.
As the global aviation sector expands to accommodate increasing air travel demand, the subsequent rise in flights exacerbates carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, challenging the sector’s environmental sustainability. Targeting net-zero emissions by 2050, international aviation agencies are stressing the imperative of reducing emissions directly at their source. While the literature provides abundant estimates of aviation emissions from airline flights, there has been a lack of work aimed at quantifying CO2 emissions specific to the general aviation sector. This study investigates CO2 emissions attributed to the pilot training sub-sector within Canada’s general aviation sector. It specifically examines the initial phase of pilot training, known as ab initio training, extending through to the attainment of a commercial pilot license. Utilizing a mathematical framework alongside assumptions, combined with data on license issuances over a 23-year period, it estimated that each hour of flight training emits about 70.4 kg of CO2, varying between 44.9 kg and 94.9 kg per hour. Annual CO2 emissions from Canada’s ab initio pilot training are estimated at approximately 30,000 tons, with a possible range of 19,000 to 40,000 tons. The study also explores mitigation opportunities, such as flight simulation training devices and electric aircraft. Though focusing on Canada’s ab initio pilot training, the findings have international relevance. Full article
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20 pages, 4549 KiB  
Article
Montana Statewide Google Earth Engine-Based Wildfire Hazardous Particulate (PM2.5) Concentration Estimation
by Aspen Morgan, Jeremy Crowley and Raja M. Nagisetty
Air 2024, 2(2), 142-161; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020009 - 2 May 2024
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
Wildfires pose a direct threat to the property, life, and well-being of the population of Montana, USA, and indirectly to their health through hazardous smoke and gases emitted into the atmosphere. Studies have shown that elevated levels of particulate matter cause impacts to [...] Read more.
Wildfires pose a direct threat to the property, life, and well-being of the population of Montana, USA, and indirectly to their health through hazardous smoke and gases emitted into the atmosphere. Studies have shown that elevated levels of particulate matter cause impacts to human health ranging from early death, to neurological and immune diseases, to cancer. Although there is currently a network of ground-based air quality sensors (n = 20) in Montana, the geographically sparse network has large gaps and lacks the ability to make accurate predictions for air quality in many areas of the state. Using the random forest method, a predictive model was developed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment to estimate PM2.5 concentrations using satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD), dewpoint temperature (DPT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WIND), wind direction (WDIR), pressure (PRES), and planetary-boundary-layer height (PBLH). The validity of the prediction model was evaluated using 10-fold cross validation with a R2 value of 0.572 and RMSE of 9.98 µg/m3. The corresponding R2 and RMSE values for ‘held-out data’ were 0.487 and 10.53 µg/m3. Using the validated prediction model, daily PM2.5 concentration maps (1 km-resolution) were estimated from 2012 to 2023 for the state of Montana. These concentration maps are accessible via an application developed using GEE. The product provides valuable insights into spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 concentrations, which will be useful for communities to take appropriate mitigation strategies and minimize hazardous PM2.5 exposure. Full article
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20 pages, 3950 KiB  
Article
Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City
by Constance Chifuniro Utsale, Chikumbusko Chiziwa Kaonga, Fabiano Gibson Daud Thulu, Ishmael Bobby Mphangwe Kosamu, Fred Thomson, Upile Chitete-Mawenda and Hiroshi Sakugawa
Air 2024, 2(2), 122-141; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020008 - 1 May 2024
Viewed by 1019
Abstract
The increase in industrial activities has raised concerns regarding air quality in urban areas within Malawi. To assess the source apportionment of air quality parameters (AQPs) and noise levels, concentrations of AQPs (CO, TSP, PM 2.5, PM10) and noise levels [...] Read more.
The increase in industrial activities has raised concerns regarding air quality in urban areas within Malawi. To assess the source apportionment of air quality parameters (AQPs) and noise levels, concentrations of AQPs (CO, TSP, PM 2.5, PM10) and noise levels were monitored at 15 sites in Makata, Limbe, Maselema, Chirimba, and Maone during dry and wet seasons, respectively. Active mobile multi-gas monitors and a Dylos DC1100 PRO Laser Particle Counter (2018 model) were used to monitor AQPs, while Integrated Sound Level Meters were used to measure noise levels. Monitoring and analysis were guided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Malawi Standards (MS). A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used to determine source apportionment of AQPs, and matrix trajectories analysed air mass movement. In the wet season, the average concentration values of CO, TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were 0.49 ± 0.65 mg/m3, 85.03 ± 62.18 µg/m3, 14.65 ± 8.13 µg/m3, and 11.52 ± 7.19 µg/m3, respectively. Dry season average concentration values increased to 1.31 ± 0.81 mg/m3, 99.86± 30.06 µg/m3, 24.35 ± 9.53 µg/m3, and 18.28 ± 7.14 µg/m3. Noise levels remained below public MS and WHO standards (85 dB). Positive correlations between AQPs and noise levels were observed, strengthening from weak in the dry season to moderately strong in the wet season. PMF analysis identified key factors influencing AQPs accumulation, emphasizing the need for periodic sampling to monitor seasonal pollution trends, considering potential impacts on public health and environmental sustainability. Further studies should look at factors affecting the dynamics of PMF in Blantyre City. Full article
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13 pages, 4030 KiB  
Article
Assessing Worker and Pedestrian Exposure to Pollutant Emissions from Sidewalk Cleaning: A Comparative Analysis of Blowing and Jet Washing Techniques
by Hélène Niculita-Hirzel, Maria Serena Merli and Kyle Baikie
Air 2024, 2(2), 109-121; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020007 - 28 Apr 2024
Viewed by 565
Abstract
Sidewalk cleaning operations are essential to maintaining a clean and safe urban environment. Despite their vital role, these activities, particularly the blowing of road dust, can lead to the resuspension of road dust and associated pollutants, which poses risks to human health and [...] Read more.
Sidewalk cleaning operations are essential to maintaining a clean and safe urban environment. Despite their vital role, these activities, particularly the blowing of road dust, can lead to the resuspension of road dust and associated pollutants, which poses risks to human health and the environment. While the role of blowers on particulate matter resuspension has been investigated, there is limited information on emitted bioaerosols. This study aimed to compare the occupational exposure of operators and passersby during sidewalk cleaning using two manual methods—blowing and jet washing—in two distinct urban environments. The study focused on metal road traffic tracers (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)) and cultivable/non-cultivable microorganisms. We showed that blowing resuspends inhalable particles containing metals (Cu, Zn, and Mn, but not Cd or Pb) and bioaerosols (fungi and Gram-negative bacteria) throughout the year. This represents an important source of exposure for the blower operators and poses a potential long-term respiratory health risk for them. Operators working in cabs are shielded from such exposure, but passersby, especially vulnerable populations, may be at risk. While jet washing reduces operator exposure to Gram-negative bacteria in comparison to blowing, it does not mitigate fungal exposure, particularly in vegetated sites. These findings underscore the necessity for the implementation of effective protective measures and the development of alternative cleaning methods to mitigate exposure risks. Full article
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23 pages, 7084 KiB  
Article
Correlation Methodologies between Land Use and Greenhouse Gas emissions: The Case of Pavia Province (Italy)
by Roberto De Lotto, Riccardo Bellati and Marilisa Moretti
Air 2024, 2(2), 86-108; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020006 - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 857
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The authors present an analysis of the correlation between demographic and territorial indicators and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emphasizing the spatial aspect using statistical methods. Particular attention is given to the application of correlation techniques, considering the spatial correlation between the involved variables, [...] Read more.
The authors present an analysis of the correlation between demographic and territorial indicators and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emphasizing the spatial aspect using statistical methods. Particular attention is given to the application of correlation techniques, considering the spatial correlation between the involved variables, such as demographic, territorial, and environmental indicators. The demographic data include factors such as population, demographic distribution, and population density; territorial indicators include land use, particularly settlements, and road soil occupancy. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) to identify the direct relationships between these variables and emissions; (2) to evaluate the spatial dependence between geographical entities; and (3) to contribute to generating a deeper understanding of the phenomena under examination. Using spatial autocorrelation analysis, our study aims to provide a comprehensive framework of the territorial dynamics that influence the quantity of emissions. This approach can contribute to formulating more targeted environmental policies, considering the spatial nuances that characterize the relationships between demographics, territory, and GHGs. The outcome of this research is the identification of a direct formula to obtain greenhouse gas emissions from data about land use starting from the case study of Pavia Province in Italy. In the paper, the authors highlight different methodologies to compare land use and GHG emissions to select the most feasible correlation formula. The proposed procedure has been tested and can be used to promote awareness of the spatial dimension in the analysis of complex interactions between anthropogenic factors and environmental impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area–residential area–GFA. (b) Bivariate map CO2eq. and settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

Full article ">CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area–residential area–GFA. (b) Bivariate map CO2eq. and settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

Full article ">CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area. (b) Clustered map ratio between CO2eq. and residential area–GFA–settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

Full article ">CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area. (b) Clustered map ratio between CO2eq. and residential area–GFA–settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

Full article ">CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area–residential area–GFA. (b) Kernell density map ratio between CO2eq. and settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

Full article ">CO2eq. and population–population density–GDP–territorial area–residential area–GFA. (b) Kernell density map ratio between CO2eq. and settlements area–road lines–arable land–vegetated land.

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13 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
Emission Characteristics and Potential Exposure Assessment of Aerosols and Ultrafine Particles at Two French Airports
by Sébastien Artous, Eric Zimmermann, Cécile Philippot, Sébastien Jacquinot, Dominique Locatelli, Adeline Tarantini, Carey Suehs, Léa Touri and Simon Clavaguera
Air 2024, 2(1), 73-85; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010005 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 995
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Airports are significant contributors of atmospheric pollutant aerosols, namely ultrafine particles (UFPs). This study characterizes the particle number concentration (PNC), the median particle size (dmn50), and the metallic composition of medium-haul area and engine aerosols at two French airports (Paris-CDG and [...] Read more.
Airports are significant contributors of atmospheric pollutant aerosols, namely ultrafine particles (UFPs). This study characterizes the particle number concentration (PNC), the median particle size (dmn50), and the metallic composition of medium-haul area and engine aerosols at two French airports (Paris-CDG and Marseille). This study followed the standard operating procedures for characterizing aerosol emissions from 5 nm to 8 μm (OECD, 2015; EN 17058:2018). It allows determining which are the specific parameters directly related to the emission sources and their contribution to the overall aerosols measured at workplace in airports. The particulate emissions observed during aircraft engine start-up were ~19× higher than the average airborne concentration. The particle size distributions remained mostly <250 nm with dmn50 < 100 nm (showing a specificity for the medium-haul area with an average dmn50 of ~12 nm). The dmn50 can be used to distinguish emission peaks due to aircrafts (dmn50~15 nm) from those due to apron vehicle activities (dmn50 > 20 nm). Chemical elements (titanium and zinc) were identified as potential tracers of aircraft emissions and occurred mainly at the micrometric scale. For aircraft engine emissions, UFPs are mainly due to fuel combustion with the presence of carbon/oxygen. The study concludes with suggestions for future research to extend on the findings presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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12 pages, 1800 KiB  
Article
Emission of Particulate Inorganic Substances from Prescribed Open Grassland Burning in Hirado, Akiyoshidai, and Aso, Japan
by Satoshi Irei, Seiichiro Yonemura, Satoshi Kameyama, Asahi Sakuma and Hiroto Shimazaki
Air 2024, 2(1), 61-72; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010004 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 881
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Biomass burning is one of the largest sources of particulate matter emissions globally. However, the emission of particulate inorganic species from prescribed grassland burning in Japan has not yet been characterized. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate matter from prescribed grassland [...] Read more.
Biomass burning is one of the largest sources of particulate matter emissions globally. However, the emission of particulate inorganic species from prescribed grassland burning in Japan has not yet been characterized. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate matter from prescribed grassland burning in Hirado, Akiyoshidai, and Aso, Japan. The collected filter samples were brought to the laboratory, and water-soluble inorganic components were analyzed via ion chromatography. The measurement results showed high excess concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and these substances were highly correlated, which agreed with previously reported findings. In contrast, the concentrations of sodium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were insignificant, even though their high concentrations were reported in other biomass burning studies. Among these low concentration substances, a high correlation was still observed between sulfate and nitrate. It is possible that the low concentrations of those species could have been biased in the measurements, particularly as a result of subtracting blank and background values from the observed concentrations. Building up more data in this area may allow us to characterize the significance of domestic biomass burning’s contribution to inorganic particulate components in Japanese air, which may consequently contributes to better understanding of adverse health effect of airborne particulate matter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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23 pages, 8949 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning to Estimate Ammonia Atmospheric Emissions and Concentrations
by Alessandro Marongiu, Anna Gilia Collalto, Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano and Elisabetta Angelino
Air 2024, 2(1), 38-60; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010003 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1226
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This paper describes an innovative method that recursively applies the machine learning Random Forest to an assumed homogeneous aerographic domain around measurement sites to predict concentrations and emissions of ammonia, an atmospheric pollutant that causes acidification and eutrophication of soil and water and [...] Read more.
This paper describes an innovative method that recursively applies the machine learning Random Forest to an assumed homogeneous aerographic domain around measurement sites to predict concentrations and emissions of ammonia, an atmospheric pollutant that causes acidification and eutrophication of soil and water and contributes to secondary PM2.5. The methodology was implemented to understand the effects of weather and emission changes on atmospheric ammonia concentrations. The model was trained and tested by hourly measurements of ammonia concentrations and atmospheric turbulence parameters, starting from a constant emission scenario. The initial values of emissions were calculated based on a bottom-up emission inventory detailed at the municipal level and considering a circular area of about 4 km radius centered on measurement sites. By comparing predicted and measured concentrations for each iteration, the emissions were modified, the model’s training and testing were repeated, and the model converged to a very high performance in predicting ammonia concentrations and establishing hourly time-varying emission profiles. The ammonia concentration predictions were extremely accurate and reliable compared to the measured values. The relationship between NH3 concentrations and the calculated emissions rates is compatible with physical atmospheric turbulence parameters. The site-specific emissions profiles, estimated by the proposed methodology, clearly show a nonlinear relation with measured concentrations and allow the identification of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on pollutant accumulation. The proposed methodology is suitable for validating and confirming emission time series and defining highly accurate emission profiles for the improvement of the performances of chemical and transport models (CTMs) in combination with in situ measurements and/or optical depth from satellite observation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Accessing and Analyzing Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment)
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14 pages, 981 KiB  
Article
Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter during Pregnancy: Implications for Infant Telomere Length
by Nina E. Ahlers, Jue Lin and Sandra J. Weiss
Air 2024, 2(1), 24-37; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010002 - 3 Feb 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence suggests that air pollution may influence fetal development, with potential consequences for later health. Alteration of telomere length (TL) is one possible mediating mechanism for the link between fetal exposure to air pollution and the development of disease. However, the [...] Read more.
Background: Growing evidence suggests that air pollution may influence fetal development, with potential consequences for later health. Alteration of telomere length (TL) is one possible mediating mechanism for the link between fetal exposure to air pollution and the development of disease. However, the few studies exploring associations between prenatal pollution and infant TL have assessed varied trimesters of pregnancy and shown mixed results. The aim of this study was to examine the differential relationships between prenatal exposure to air pollutant PM2.5 during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy with infant TL at one month of age. Methods: Women (n = 74) were recruited in obstetric clinics during their third trimester. Data on PM2.5 exposure for each woman’s residential area during each trimester was acquired from the regional Air Quality Management District. At one month postnatal, a salivary sample was collected from the infant, which provided DNA for the telomere assay. Women completed questionnaires about stressors in their lives, perceived stress, depression, and sociodemographics for inclusion as covariates. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the results. Results: PM2.5 exposure during the second (β = 0.31, p = 0.003) and third (β = 0.24, p = 0.02) trimesters was associated with longer infant TL. Exposure in the first trimester was not related to TL. Covariates of maternal depression and age and infant female sex were also associated with longer TL. Variables in the model contributed to 34% of the variance in TL (F = 10.58, p = 0.000). Discussion: Fetal programming of longer telomeres in response to pollution may have adaptive value in preparing the neonate for a postnatal environment that is less than optimal in terms of air quality. Alternatively, longer telomeres may forecast later health risks, considering established links between longer TL and diseases such as cancer. Future research needs to address how prenatal pollution interacts with TL to influence health over time. Full article
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23 pages, 6524 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Impact of Air Pollution on Health Status of Traffic Police Personnel in Kolkata, India
by Sayanti Kar, Santanu Chowdhury, Tanya Gupta, Dipsita Hati, Arindam De, Ziniya Ghatak, Tahsin Tinab, Iffa Tasnim Rahman, Shreyashi Chatterjee and Abhishek RoyChowdhury
Air 2024, 2(1), 1-23; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2010001 - 23 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
The global concern of escalating ambient air pollution and its profound impact on human health is paramount. While traffic police personnel are critical for maintaining the road safety and transportation system of any city in India, they are susceptible to occupational health risks [...] Read more.
The global concern of escalating ambient air pollution and its profound impact on human health is paramount. While traffic police personnel are critical for maintaining the road safety and transportation system of any city in India, they are susceptible to occupational health risks due to ambient air pollution. This study investigated health challenges faced by traffic police personnel due to prolonged exposure to air pollutants prevalent in traffic-congested areas, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The first phase of this study collected and analyzed secondary air quality data over five years (2019–2023) across six locations in Kolkata, India. The second phase employed a questionnaire-based survey to assess the health implications of air pollution exposure. The survey questionnaire captured information on physical health symptoms, stress-related indicators, lifestyle habits, and work hours of around 100 police personnel from Kolkata with indoor (control group) and outdoor (exposed group) work responsibilities. The results of this study established a strong positive correlation between air pollution and a range of health issues experienced by the exposed group. The outcome of this study is significant for urban planning, policy formulation, and public health interventions geared toward minimizing the adverse impacts of air pollution on traffic police personnel. Full article
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